The air pollution in Nanjing is very serious, but the observations of black carbon have not been reported. Nanjing is located in the center of Yangtze River Delta region, which has developed petrochemical, steel and other heavy industries. The research work about the systematic observation of black carbon begun from 1990s in China, which had been carried out in most areas of China after 21 century. We must make observation of black carbon in order to grasp the first primary data. China has higher black carbon emissions in recent years. Of both natural and anthropogenic origin, emissions of black carbon recently have been estimated at 24Tg per year ( Penner et al., 1993). Despite the evident significances of BC in air chemistry and physics, information concerning their spatial and temporal variability is still quite limited.Ĭonsidering the global distribution of black carbon, the black carbon concentrations in the northern hemisphere were significantly higher than that in the southern hemisphere, as well as there is higher black carbon concentration value in eastern China ( Streets et al., 2001). As the result of its catalytic properties, BC may intervene in some important chemical reactions involving atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO 2), nitrogen oxides (NO x), ozone (O 3) and other gaseous compounds ( Gundel et al., 1989). Moreover, the surface of BC particles contains numerous adsorption sites that are capable of enhancing catalytic processes. Black carbon has many effects (IPCC 2001 Lary et al., 1999), such as harming to human health, changing climatic characteristics, reducing visibility, affecting the atmospheric chemical reaction process, which has become a focus of scientific research in recent years.Īlthough the effect of increasing BC in the atmosphere may be considerable, knowledge of BC concentrations, distributions, characteristics, and potential effects is still seriously lacking. Black carbon particles have received increased interest recently since Hansen et al.( Hansen et al., 2000) indicate that it is perhaps more cost effective to control black carbon particles than CO 2 at the present time. The increasing demand for energy in the past century has led to a great increase in the rate of BC emissions. Emissions from natural sources such as forest fires are localized and incidental (Bai and Wang, 2005), whereas anthropogenic emissions are widespread and continuous ( Liu et al., 2010 Streets et al., 2001 Xu et al., 2006). This aerosol is usually separated into two main components: one is called the organic carbon (OC) and the other the black carbon (BC) component. It mainly resides in the submicron particle size range. Its shape, size and origins are extremely variable depending on the different type of fuels, combustion processes, and the age and history of air masses. The main natural sources of black carbon are volcanic eruptions, forest fires, etc. “They disagree that a citizen should be mauled like that to the point where officers have to come with a hose afterwards and hose the sidewalk off because there’s so much blood.Black carbon is a kind of amorphous carbon particles, which was formed by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substance ( Andreae et al., 1984 Bond and Bergstrom, 2006 Hansen and Rosen, 1984 Hansen et al., 1988 Penner et al., 1993). “But that’s why we have this process and that’s why Fulton County spoke yesterday because they disagree that this was justified,” Stewart said. He said that the video shows that the officers were going to use the dog regardless of whether it was justified. “The sad thing in this situation is that it was deemed justified after the internal review by the police department,” said L. The indictment accuses Esposito of “unlawfully directing a police canine to bite” Moya and “seriously disfigure his person.”ĭuring a news conference Wednesday, Moya said he suffers nightmares and flashbacks but that the indictment is a step in the right direction. The dog first bit Moya’s jacket sleeve and then bit his arm and then “continued aggressively chewing and ripping out significantly large chunks of muscle and flesh” from Moya’s arm for “close to a minute” while three officers held him down, the lawsuit says. Moya didn’t resist but while officers were securing him on the ground, Esposito commanded Ares, the dog, to bite Moya’s arm.
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